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CW Academy

BEGINNER Level CW Curriculum

Practice Instructions and Homework Assignments

(Fourth Edition)

(Release: 4.6 Oct 2, 2024)

By: Ken Rainey, AC5EZ

This document was inspired by “Practice Instructions and Homework Assignments for the Beginner CW Academy Course” (Third Edition) by : Rob Brownstein, K6RB, 2016-2022.

Table of Contents

Welcome to CW Academy’s Beginner Morse code (CW) course. 4

Multiple paths to take on your Morse code journey. 4

A few Words on Learning Morse code. 5

For Our Blind Students. 5

Introduction to Morse Code Online Trainer (MCT). 6

Preparing for Copy Practice. 6

Preparing for Sending practice. 7

Sending or Keying Morse code. 7

How the Sessions are Arranged. 8

Daily Sending Drill 8

Practice Sessions and Workbook Assignments General Information. 9

Introduction to Instant Character Recognition (ICR) – Practice. 30

Appendix A: Some Common CW Abbreviations. 37

Appendix B: Commonly used Ham Radio words. 39

Appendix C: Abbreviated list of Some Common International Q Signals. 40

Appendix D: Top 100 plus English words. 41

Appendix E: US States, Territories, and Canadian Provinces. 42

Appendix F: NATO International Phonetic Alphabet. 43

Appendix G: Morse Code Trainer (MCT) Features & Functions. 44

Appendix H: Manual Settings for Copy Practice. 46

Appendix I: Manual Settings for Sending Practice. 47

Appendix J: CW Daily Practice Log. 48

Appendix K: Farnsworth Timing. 50

Document Revision History and Copyright Notice. 51

Welcome to CW Academy’s Beginner Morse code (CW) course

Before starting the Beginner CW (Morse code) course assignments, you should understand how CW Academy expects you to practice during the eight-week course. The Beginner CW course uses an online learning tool called Morse Code Trainer (MCT). A link will be shared to the online learning tool in a moment but first let’s go over a few ground rules.

The Beginner Morse code course is broken up into 16 sessions. Students will meet with an advisor twice-weekly online via video conference. Students are expected to practice the assignment for the current session. For example, practice session-01 before meeting for the online session-01 so the advisor can assess your progress and address any problems that arise. So, practice the session-01 assignments for the days preceding session-01, and then practice the session-02 assignment for the days preceding session-02 meeting, and so on.

There are four key tools that will help ensure your success in this course. This curriculum workbook. This is your guide and workbook assignment document. It is laid out in a step-by-step fashion for you to follow.

Second is an online video conference tool like Zoom, Skype, Meet, meet.jit.si, etc. which enables students and advisors to meet in a virtual training environment two times per week. This allows everyone to see and hear each other, and the code being sent.

Third is a daily practice log. Keeping a log of your practice is essential. A Log will show where progress is made and the characters that need more practice. Create a spreadsheet, a handwritten paper log, or a paper tablet. Anything that works. Appendix J is a sample log that can be printed out and used.

The last and most important tool is MCT online learning tool. MCT is an online learning tool that is preloaded with curriculum workbook assignment sessions. Play the characters, words, abbreviations, and numbers over and over, until you feel comfortable that you recognize each letter and number sound pattern. Note, we did not say each letter or number in dots and dashes or dits and dahs – we said sound the pattern. That’s the secret to learning Morse code in a way that will scale up in speed as you progress. Learn Morse code like it is a new language. Listen to the complete sound of the characters being presented not the individual dits and dahs that make up the character.

At the beginning of Session-11 you will be introduced to a new tool called Instant Character Recognition (ICR). All the letters, numbers, punctuation, and prosigns have been presented in the learning tool. It is now time to try your hand ICR. The purpose of this tool is to get you started learning to copy the sounds in your head. Work through all the characters you have learned.

Multiple paths to take on your Morse code journey

There are many paths to take in your Morse code journey like contesting, ragchewing, or short QSOs. And they all start with learning the basic character recognition. This course will help you start that journey. Good luck and enjoy the ride!

A few Words on Learning Morse code

Morse code is an audio language. We don’t write the dits and dahs that we hear. We train our brain to translate the dit-dah patterns into characters. These characters are then assembled into words, phrases, and sentences that we humans can understand. Learning to copy Morse code in your head takes practice. You will not become proficient in Morse code without practice and a lot of it.

As with learning anything new we need to start with the basics. Learning the alphabet, numbers, punctuation, and some basic prosigns are what this class is designed to do.

There is a predefined order in the learning process and if you follow the curriculum guidelines by the time you reach session-16 you will be ready to get on-air and enjoy your newfound skill.

For Our Blind Students

We endeavor to make CW Academy accessible to all. Student resource documents are formatted for accessibility for low-vision and also blind people using screen readers. They are available in both PDF and HTML versions. Many of the daily lessons include abbreviations, random letter sequences and other items that screen readers may attempt to pronounce as nonsensical words. When you encounter those, have it spell the words. Tables and graphical items have descriptive alternate text. Table of contents and structured headers will aid your navigation. If you encounter difficulties with the materials, please tell your advisor and we will try to make improvements.

Introduction to Morse Code Online Trainer (MCT)

MCT is an online practice tool designed to work with this CW Beginner curriculum workbook. It is part of the MorseCode.World website, which offers many training tools.

Screen shot of Morse Code Trainer webpage showing top-level menus

This link will take you to the Online MCT Tool. Bookmark it so you can go to the MCT tool anytime. Your advisor can assist you if necessary.

Personalization:

You will need to enter this information when you get to session-11. You can enter it now or wait until you reach session-11. It’s up to you. You can fill in this information at any time.

Screenshot of Morse Trainer CW Academy page showing 6 Personalization fields. Fill in your call sign, location, name, age, power level in watts, and antenna.

Preparing for Copy Practice.

Your copy practice will be set to 25 CPM with a Farnsworth of 6 CPM for a good reason. You need to be able to translate Morse code at a high character speed that prevents you from counting the dits and dahs. You can Increase the character speed if necessary. A brief explanation of Farnsworth timing can be found in Appendix K.

Follow these steps when you are ready to start practice:

§ Open the Online MCT Tool

§ Under Practice Content

· 1: Select the Copying button. MCT tool will autoload copy practice settings.

· 2: Select the Session (1 to 13) that you want to practice via the Next and Previous buttons.

· 3: Select the Message Type to practice, such as characters or words.

Start each new copy session with Characters. Once you have them committed to memory move to Words then CW Abbreviations, Numbers, Callsigns, and finally Phrases. If a message type is grayed out that means they are not available for that session.

In Playback options there are three repeat settings:

Screenshot of the three play optons buttons: Repeat, Random, and Save Audio

§ Off no repeat. Plays the message type selected one time.

§ Repeat On will repeat the message text selected over and over again.

§ Repeat-one will repeat the single message selected again and again.

Once you have learned to copy all the characters in a message type try setting Repeat on and turning Random on.

Your advisor can explain how each repeat button works.

Preparing for Sending practice

Your sending practice will be set to 15 CPM with a Farnsworth of 6 CPM for a good reason. You need to be able to send Morse code at a character speed that allows you to form good rhythm and timing habits. Try to stay at the 15 CPM character speed. It is plenty fast to carry on an “ON-THE-AIR” QSO. As you progress try increasing the Farnsworth speed.

§ If not already open start the online MCT tool

§ Practice Content

· 1: Select the Sending button. MCT tool will autoload sending practice settings.

· 2: Select the Session (1 to 13) that you want to practice.

· 3: Select the Message Type to practice.

Start each new sending session with Characters. Once you have good rhythm and timing move to Words the CW Abbreviations, Numbers, Callsigns, and finally Phrases. If a message type is grayed out that means they are not available for that session.

In Play options there are three repeat settings :

Screenshot of the three play optons buttons: Repeat, Random, and Save Audio

§ Off no repeat. Plays the message type selected one time.

§ Repeat On will repeat the message text selected over and over again.

§ Repeat-One will repeat the single message selected again and again.

Once you have learned to send all the characters in a message type try setting Repeat-on and turning Random on.

Sending or Keying Morse code

Learning to copy Morse code uses only your brain to memorize and to recognize letter patterns as words or phrases. Learning at a high character/per/minute (CPM) rate allows you to hear the characters as a unique sound pattern not the individual dits and dahs that make up the character.

Sending involves mechanical motion and dexterity. You form the character or word in your brain, the brain tells the hand to move in certain ways, and then the hand reacts to the brain’s command. Wow, that’s a lot of steps. Well actually, it all happens very fast but the problem most beginners have is not knowing what to send but learning the hand motions needed to form the dit dahs patterns with a mechanical keying device. This is why your sending practice is set to a slower CPM rate. Trying to send as fast as you can copy will only lead to frustration. The question a lot of new CW operators is how to send faster. The question should be how to send well-formed, readable code that another person can copy. You do this be learning to send a speed that is fast enough to make the conversation meaningful yet slow enough for the message to be understood by the other person. Speed will come with practice and getting on the air and making contacts is the goal of this course.

Keep track of your time by watching the Elapsed practice timer in the Playback Controls section. Try to limit your practice time to around 15 minutes a session.

How the Sessions are Arranged

Let us look at an example of how to get started. Your first curriculum workbook assignment is to play the following messages, one at a time, until you feel you can recognize them. New characters introduced in each session will be identified and highlighted in RED.

Daily Sending Drill

We offer some additional practice in the form of a sending/keying drill in each session to help you practice sending each character. For example, the Daily Sending Drill is designed to help master the spacing and rhythm of Morse code by sending each character repeatedly. One way to judge an individual’s sending skill is to record what is being sent and then play it back and try to copy your own sending. You can use a phone or a PC to record your sending.

Learning Morse code takes determination and practice to master. Repetition is the best way to lock in the sound and rhythm of the characters you are learning. Sending the Daily Sending Drill is a great way to practice the CW rhythm. Once you have learned the characters, begin each session by sending the Daily Sending Drill several times to warm up your keying hand and to get your brain ready to learn.

If you decide to do the daily sending drill, please note that it does not appear in the online Morse Code Trainer tool. It is presented in each section to help you gain proficiency in Morse code sending.

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA EEEEE NNNNN TTTTT

Before meeting for session-01, you should be able to recognize and send the patterns using the character’s ‘T’, ‘E’, ‘A’ and ‘N.’ And be able to recognize the words ‘TEA,’ ‘TEN,’ ‘NET,’ and ‘TEE.’ And be able to do that at a character speed of at least 25 wpm and Farnsworth spacing of at least 4 wpm or higher.

During this first session, your advisor will be sending those characters and words to everyone, individually, to see if you have learned them. Then, he/she will ask individuals to send the characters and words with their keyer to assess how well everyone has learned good element (dit or dah) timing and spacing.

Practice Sessions and Workbook Assignments General Information

Sessions 1 through 10 will introduce new letters, numbers, punctuation, and prosigns. Sessions 11 through 13 is where you will put all that has been learned into practice. The building of a simple QSO is introduced here as well as simple contesting practice. Sessions 14 through 16 are set aside for your advisor to help you prepare for getting “ON-THE-AIR”.

Sessions 1 through 10 are broken down into several parts. First will be the setup instructions for the online Morse Code Trainer program. Start with the initial setup instructions mentioned above.

· Characters for this session are those you will be working on in this session. New characters introduced in the current session will be identified and shown in red.

· Characters learned (x) is a running list of all the letters, numbers, punctuation, and prosigns that have been presented so far.

The next part is the Copy Practice portion of the session. The message types presented here are preloaded in the online MCT tool. They are listed here for reference so you can see what will be presented in the online MCT. The Copy Practice portion has the following labels:

§ Characters

§ Words

§ CW Abbreviations

§ Numbers

§ Callsigns

§ Phrases

The labels are there to better understand what you are learning. Notice that some words look a little strange and you might think they are misspelled. Actually, these are CW abbreviation words we use to convey our message in as few keystrokes as necessary. Refer to Appendix A for the definition of the shorthand words and how they are used in a QSO.

This is followed by the Sending practice section. When entering the sending portion on the MCT tool, listen to the message and then try emulating the sounds with a key or keyer. The Sending practice portion is also divided into the following labels:

§ Characters

§ Words

§ CW Abbreviations

§ Numbers

§ Callsigns

§ Phrases

At the end of session 10 there is an introduction to Instant Character Recognition (ICR). ICR is the process of listening to and recognizing the characters without writing them down. Yes, using the conscious and subconscious portions of the brain. If you want to increase your Morse code speed above 13 to 15 wpm ICR is the only way to go.

Your advisor can help you to get started using the ICR tool if you choose to use it.

Sessions 11-13 is also where you will put your knowledge to use by going through QSO scripts.

Sessions 14 through 16 are set aside for your advisor to help you prepare for getting “ON-THE-AIR”.

Session 01:

Characters for this session (all are new): A E N T

Characters learned 4: A E N T

Work through the copy practice for each message group using the MCT tool. Once you have committed all the copy practice to memory proceed to the sending practice section and go through each section in the same way.

Copy Practice

Characters:

A T E N

Words:

TEA TEE EAT ATE AT TAT TEEN

NEAT TEN TAN

CW Abbreviations:

AA ANT NET

Phrases:

EAT AT TEN AN ANT AT TEE A NEAT ANT

Sending practice

Characters:

A T E N

Words:

TEA TEN TEE

CW Abbreviations:

AA ANT NET

Phrases:

EAT AT TEN AN ANT AT TEE A NEAT ANT

Daily Sending Drill:

TTTTT EEEEE AAAAA NNNNN

Session 02:

Characters for this session: previous A E N T plus new S I O 1 4

Characters learned 9: A E I N O S T 1 4

Copy Practice

Characters:

A E N T S I O 1 4

Words:

TEN TON TIN TIE TOE NO NOT

NOTE IT AT ONE NEAT NET NITE

TOES STONE TEASE NOISE

CW Abbreviations:

ES SAE SASE SN STN

Numbers:

1441 4114 1414

Callsigns:

N1AS N4ON S41T NO1S AI1E IT4O EA1ON ES4IT

Phrases:

NO NET STN 1 TO 4 ITS A TEST 4 TON STONE

Sending practice

Characters:

A E N T S I O 1 4

Words:

TIN TIE NO NOT IT AT ONE

CW Abbreviations:

ES OT SAE SASE SN STN

Numbers:

1441 4114 1414

Callsigns:

N1AS N4ON S41T NO1S AI1E IT4O EA1ON ES4IT

Phrases:

NO NET STN 1 TO 4 ITS A TEST 4 TON STONE

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA EEEEE IIIII NNNNN OOOOO

SSSSS TTTTT 11111 44444

Session 03:

Characters for this session: previous O I S plus new D H L R 2 5

Characters learned 15: A D E H I L N O R S T 1 2 4 5

Copy Practice

Characters:

O I S R H D L 2 5

Words:

ALL TELL TALL DEAL THE THEIR DOLL

DELL HALL HILL HOLE LOAD LEAD LATE

LATER SEAL SELL SOLE SHE HER HEAR

CW Abbreviations:

AA ES SN STN DE DN HI

HR LSN NR RST

Numbers:

142 451 1425

Callsigns:

DL1AT HH5H HS1TD ND2T NA4T

Phrases:

LSN DN 1 RST IS 555 HAIL ES RAIN DE NR4DL LSN DN 2

Sending practice

Characters:

O I S R H D L 2 5

Words:

ALL TELL THE LEAD LATE SHE HER

CW Abbreviations:

DE DN HI HR NR RST TR

Numbers:

142 451 1425

Callsigns:

DL1AT HH5H HS1TD ND2T NA4T

Phrases:

LSN DN 1 RST IS 555 HAIL ES RAIN DE NR4DL LSN DN 2

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA DDDDD EEEEE HHHHH IIIII LLLLL NNNNN

OOOOO RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT 11111 22222 44444

55555

Session 04:

Characters for this session: previous R H D L 1 4 plus new C U

Characters learned 17: A C D E H I L N O R S T U 1 4 2 5

Copy Practice

Characters:

R H D L 1 4 U C

Words:

CHAT CHAIR CHIN CHART OUCH COUCH TOUCH

SUCH TEACH REACH SUN SON HOLD TOLD

SAIL RAIL TAIL NAIL OIL SOIL TOIL

COIL RAIN CAUSE SAUCE TOSS TOLL TALL

TELL CELL CALL

CW Abbreviations:

ADR CL CS CUL DE DN ES

NR RST SOTA STN TU UR

Numbers:

4241 1452 5441 2145

Callsigns:

NC5A NA2T CU1LL CO5NO NU4R CT1AC CE1NI

Phrases:

UR RST IS HR IN UT CUL TOD LSN DN 1 SOTA 2514

Sending practice

Characters:

R H D L 1 4 U C

Words:

CHAT CHIN TEACH SAIL RAIN TALL TELL

CW Abbreviations:

CUL DE ES NR RST TU UR

Numbers:

4241 1452 5441 2145

Callsigns:

NC5A NA2T NC5A NA2T CU1LL CO5NO NU4R

CT1AC CE1NI

Phrases:

UR RST IS HR IN UT CUL TOD LSN DN 1 SOTA 2514

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE HHHHH IIIII LLLLL

NNNNN OOOOO RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT UUUUU 11111

22222 44444 55555

Session 05:

Characters for this session: previous U C 2 5 plus new M W 3 6 ?

Characters learned 22: A C D E H I L M N O R S T U W 1 2 3 4 5 6 ?

Copy Practice

Characters:

U C 2 5 M W 3 6 ?

Words:

WAIT WALL WELL WILL MALL MILL CHUM

MOW MUCH SUCH WATER WET WHAT DEW

DATE ATOM TOW TOWER WERE WHERE WAS

WISH WASH MAT MATT MEL HIM HER

HIS HW?

CW Abbreviations:

CS CUD CUL DE ES HR HW?

OM RST SHUD STN TU UR WL

Numbers:

3354 1432 6122 5564 4321 2346

Callsigns:

W3AA N3AM DM5RA W6AM N2AT RW5L ON4UN

Phrases:

NAME? UR RST IS 56N CU TMW DON SWR IS 2 TO 1 CUL TOM

Sending practice

Characters:

U C 2 5 M W 3 6 ?

Words:

WAIT WELL MALL MILL WET DATE

CW Abbreviations:

CUL DE ES HW? RST TMW TU UR

Numbers:

3354 1432 6122 5564 4321 2346

Callsigns:

W3AA N3AM DM5RA W6AM N2AT RW5L ON4UN

Phrases:

NAME? UR RST IS 56N CU TMW DON SWR IS 2 TO 1 CUL TOM

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE HHHHH IIIII LLLLL

MMMMM NNNNN OOOOO RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT UUUUU

WWWWW 11111 22222 33333 44444 55555 66666

?????

Session 06:

Characters for this session: previous M W 3 6 plus new F Y ,

Characters learned 25: A C D E F H I L M N O R S T U W Y 1 3 4 2 5 6 , ?

Copy Practice

Characters:

M W 3 6 F Y ,

Words:

YOU TOY FOOT TOOTH ROOT CUTE NOISE

LARRY ROY TON TEETH FEET YET THEY

SAY RAY HAY YRS FAIR FARE FAR

FUR FURRY

CW Abbreviations:

CUL CW DE DWN ES FER HR

HW? NAME RF RST SWR TU MI

Numbers:

1512 3316 4352 6135

Callsigns:

F5IN YO1AR HH5H NO3M AA3U S52R

Phrases:

NAME IS WILL UR RST 56N HOME IS CODY, WY UR NAME?

Sending practice

Characters:

M W 3 6 F Y ,

Words:

CUTE SAID RAID STIR HIM FEET HW?

CW Abbreviations:

CUL DE ES FER DWN TU UR

Numbers:

1512 3316 4352 6135

Callsigns:

F5IN YO1AR HH5H NO3M AA3U S52R

Phrases:

NAME IS WILL UR RST 56N HOME IS CODY, WY UR NAME?

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE FFFFF HHHHH IIIII

LLLLL MMMMM NNNNN OOOOO RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT

UUUUU WWWWW YYYYY 11111 22222 33333 44444

55555 66666 ?????

Session 07:

Characters for this session: previous F Y 3 6 plus new G P Q 7 9 /

Characters learned 31: A C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U W Y 1 3 4 2 5 6 7 9 / , ?

Copy Practice

Characters:

F Y 3 6 G P Q 7 9 /

Words:

PAGE PAPER PEPPER GLAD GLARE LARGE LEDGE

GEORGE GEO CHAS CHASE CHANGE PEG PUG

PIG PEN PENCIL PIPE PIT GAIN GARAGE

GUARD GAS GUS CHUG YES YET YONDER

COY

CW Abbreviations:

AGN? CPI CUL DE GM GE LID

OM OP QTH RIG RST QRM TU

Numbers:

7423 14253 579 599 2N222

Callsigns:

G4AN/3 N1AR/5 W9UCA/9 W3/PY2AA F6/N6AM

Phrases:

GD SIG RON SOLID CPI MAT RIG IS ICOM QTH IS TRAPPE, MD HW CPI?

Sending practice

Characters:

F Y 3 6 G P Q 7 9 /

Words:

PAGE GLARE LEDGE GEORGE PEN PIT

CW Abbreviations:

AGN? CPI CUL DE GM GE LID

OM OP QTH RIG RST QRM TU

Numbers:

7423 14253 579 599 2N222

Callsigns:

G4AN/3 N1AR/5 W9UCA/9 W3/PY2AA F6/N6AM

Phrases:

GD SIG RON SOLID CPI MAT RIG IS ICOM QTH IS TRAPPE, MD HW CPI?

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE FFFFF GGGGG HHHHH

IIIII LLLLL MMMMM NNNNN OOOOO PPPPP QQQQQ

RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT UUUUU WWWWW YYYYY 11111

22222 33333 44444 55555 66666 77777 99999

///// ,,,,, ?????

Session 08:

Characters for this session: previous 7 9 / plus new B V <AR>

Characters learned 34: A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 / , ? <AR>

Copy Practice

Characters:

B V 7 9 / <AR>

Words:

VOTE VAT VIEW WAVE PAVE SAVE VOW

VALVE SOLVE VOLT VAULT BAD BODY BORE

BORN BARN BARNEY BRAD BREAD BED BETTER

BEST BILL BUILD BUILT BOLT BULB BLAME

BLEND BLAND BLOW

CW Abbreviations:

73 AGN B4 BURO CS CUL DE

DN EFHW ES FB FER GA GE

HI HW? LID OP POTA PSE PWR

QRM RCVR RPT SIG TU UR <AR>

Numbers:

6146 5514 2345 9765

Callsigns:

BV2AA BA1RO WB2AE N6RB/4 W2/VE1AR VE2/W2LE

Phrases:

NAME IS BOB NAME IS BILL SOME QSB NAME IS VAL

UR RST IS 559 UR RST IS 459 BENS BEST BENT WIRE GOING QRT

Sending practice

Characters:

B V 7 9 / <AR>

Words:

VOTE VALVE BED BEST

CW Abbreviations:

73 AGN FB FER HW?

QRM RST <AR>

Numbers:

6146 5514 2345 9765

Callsigns:

BV2AA BA1RO WB2AE N6RB/4 W2/VE1AR VE2/W2LE

Phrases:

NAME IS BILL NAME IS TED UR RST IS 579 BENS BEST BENT WIRE

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA BBBBB CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE FFFFF GGGGG

HHHHH IIIII LLLLL MMMMM NNNNN OOOOO PPPPP

QQQQQ RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT UUUUU VVVVV WWWWW

YYYYY 11111 2222 33333 44444 55555 66666

77777 99999 ///// ,,,,, ?????

Session 09:

Characters for this session: previous B V plus new J K 0 8 <BT>

Characters learned 39: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 / , ? <BT> <AR>

Copy Practice

Characters:

B V J K 8 0 <BT>

Words:

JACK JAY JOHN JIM JERRY BACK RACK

TACK TECH TACH REACH EACH TEACH HELP

HIGH HILL FACT FACE FAR FEAR THEN

THEIR HIM HER HIS HERS THEM THEY

THEIR SWITCH LINE ANT DIPOLE VERTICAL OHMS

HOME AWAY TEST ASIA AFRICA

CW Abbreviations:

AGN BK CPI CUAGN DE ES FB

GUD K OK OP R RCVR RPT

RST SK SKED TKS TMW WKD YL

Numbers:

807 7300 4250A

Callsigns:

K1JD N1AR W2TT K2UMU N2NW VE3NE VA3KP

K4BAI N5KO

Phrases:

HW CPI? NAME IS JOE NAME IS JOHN NAME IS JIM

UR RST IS 579 UR RST IS 339 SRI NO CPY QRM ON YR SIG

Sending practice

Characters:

B V J K 8 0 <BT>

Words:

JACK TACH REACH EACH FEAR HIS ANT

CW Abbreviations:

K OK OP RPT RST SKED TKS

UR WKD YL

Numbers:

07 7300 4250A

Callsigns:

K1JD N1AR W2TT K2UMU N2NW VE3NE VA3KP

K4BAI N5KO

Phrases:

HW CPI? NAME IS JOE NAME IS JOHN NAME IS JIM

UR RST IS 579 UR RST IS 339 SRI NO CPY QRM ON YR SIG

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA BBBBB CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE FFFFF GGGGG

HHHHH IIIII JJJJJ KKKKK LLLLL MMMMM NNNNN

OOOOO PPPPP RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT UUUUU VVVVV

WWWWW YYYYY 11111 2222 33333 44444 55555

66666 77777 88888 99999 00000 ///// ,,,,,

????? <AR><AR><AR><AR> <BT><BT><BT><BT>

Session 10:

Characters for this session: previous K J 8 0 Q plus new X Z . <BK> <SK>

Characters learned 44: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 / . , ? <BT> <BK> <SK> <AR>

NOTE: There are some that say <BK> is not an “official” prosign and should not be sent as one character. Although <BK> is used quite often when working POTA and SOTA contacts. As a new Morse code operator, you will hear it sent both ways, BK and <BK>. <BK> is presented here, as a prosign, to offer practice in hearing and sending it as a prosign. Your advisor has the option as to how it is presented.

Copy Practice

Characters:

K J 8 0 X Q Z . <BK> <SK>

Words:

NAME MEMPHIS NYC SF DALLAS HOUSTON TOKYO

PARIS LONDON HAMBURG SYDNEY

CW Abbreviations:

BTU CUL ES DE DX FB FER

GLD HR KW OP PSE RPT RST

SRI TKS TU VY WX XYL YL

Numbers:

8044 7400 73 88

Callsigns:

ZL2TT VK4OM JE1TRV BA1CW KH6LC AL2A AA3B

Phrases:

U HV QSB U HV QRM NAME? QTH? QTH IS NY QTH IS PARIS

PSE QSY TO 7054

Sending practice

Characters:

K J 8 0 X Q Z . <BK> <SK>

Words:

WL UR OK PSE RIG WX ANT

PWR KW OP TKS RST FER GLD

CW Abbreviations:

BTU CUL ES DE DX FB FER

GLD HR KW OP PSE RPT RST

SRI TKS TU VY WX XYL YL

Numbers:

8044 7400 73

Callsigns:

ZL2TT VK4OM JE1TRV BA1CW KH6LC AL2A AA3B

Phrases:

UR RST IS 579 QTH IS NR TULSA NAME IS BARRY UR RST IS 559

QTH IS DAYTON OH NAME IS JOHN

Daily Sending Drill:

AAAAA BBBBB CCCCC DDDDD EEEEE FFFFF GGGGG

HHHHH IIIII JJJJJ KKKKK LLLLL MMMMM NNNNN

OOOOO PPPPP QQQQQ RRRRR SSSSS TTTTT UUUUU

VVVVV WWWWW XXXXX YYYYY ZZZZZ 11111 2222

33333 44444 55555 66666 77777 88888 99999

00000 ///// ,,,,, ????? <BT><BT><BT><BT>

Introduction to Instant Character Recognition (ICR) – Practice

ICR practice will use Morse Code trainer at this link:
Morse Code Trainer Instant Character Recognition

Screenshot of the overall Morse Code Trainer ICR webpage with the CW Academy mode selected. Shows an array of buttons for every letter, number, punctuation, and prosign. Each one is individuallly selectable and toggles on/off.

Instant character recognition is learning to copy Morse code in your head without using a pen and paper. After you have performed the copying and sending exercises in each session to a point where you can recognize the characters and words it’s time to begin working on your ICR skills.

Your advisor can explain and assist you in getting started using the ICR tool in your daily practice. There is an additional getting started document called Guidelines for MorseCodeWorld ICR available on our student resources webpage.

ICR Copying: Select the CW Academy tab then select the session(s) you want to practice. When you select the session button the characters presented in this curriculum workbook will be highlighted.

You can add characters or remove characters by simply clicking on each character.

Select Speech After in the Playback style dropdown menu.

You have three ICR options to work with: Individual characters, random nonesense words using the characters in the sessions being practiced, or sentences of various number of words.

For this class you need to focus on single character recognition first. You need to have a good character ICR foundation before advancing to words and sentences.

§ Choosing Letters, the program will play each individual letter.

§ Choosing words allows you to select how many characters the words should have.

§ Choosing sentences allows you to build sentences of various number of words.

Play: You are now ready to practice ICR. Select the Next button. Set back with your eyes closed and listen to the characters. visualize the character in your mind before the computer says the character. Keep working on this until you can beat the computer.

When you reach about 75% correct copy it is time to increase the Farnsworth speed by 1 or 2 WPM.

Session 11:

Putting what you’ve learned into practice.

It’s now time to put all the letters, numbers, punctuation, and prosigns together in QSO scripts that you can use as a model when you get on the air. This session and the next several sessions will give you some actual QSO practice.

Make sure you fill out all the information in the Personalization section. This information will be used in the copying and sending practice that follows.

For the next six sessions you want to set your character speed to 25+ WPM and Farnsworth set to 6+ WPM. Remove any extra time gap settings you might have set. This is the goal for the beginner class.

Screenshot of Morse Trainer CW Academy page showing 6 Personalization fields. Fill in your call sign, location, name, age, power level in watts, and antenna.

Copy Practice

[your callsign] DE K6RB UR RST 579 NR SF <BT>
NAME ROB HW? [your callsign] DE K6RB K

[your callsign] DE N3JT UR RST IS 5NN <BT>
QTH MCLEAN VA MCLEAN VA
OP IS JIM DE N3JT

[your callsign] DE W1RM <BT>
UR RST 569 569 IN CT NAME IS PETE <BK>

Sending practice

K6RB DE [your callsign] UR RST 57N IN [your town/city and ST abbrev] <BT>
NAME IS [your name] BTU K6RB DE [your callsign] K

N3JT DE [YOUR CALLSIGN] UR RST 56N IN [your town/city and ST abbrev] <BT>
NAME IS [your name] N3JT DE [your callsign] K

W1RM DE [your callsign] UR RST 45N WID QRN IN [your town/city and ST abbrev] <BT>
NAME IS [your name] W1RM DE [your callsign] K

ICR Single Character Practice:

Letters to Practice: Sessions 01 thru 10

Message Options: Letters. Practice single characters.

Session 12:

Copy Practice

[your callsign] DE K6RB WX CLDY TEMP 58 <BT>
RIG RUNS 100 W TO VERT <BT>
AGE IS 66 SO HW?[your callsign] DE K6RB K

[your callsign] DE N3JT <BT>
WX RAIN TEMP 42 <BT>
RIG IS K3 ES ANT IS 4 EL YAGI <BT>
AGE IS 65
OK? DE N3JT

[your callsign] DE W1RM WX SNOW TEMP 24 <BT>
RIG IS IC 7700 PWR IS KW ES ANT IS DIOPLE <BT>
AGE IS 70 HW? <BK>

Sending practice

K6RB DE [your callsign] WX SUNNY TEMP 82
RIG RUNS [your power] W TO [your antenna]
AGE IS [your age]
HW? K6RB DE [your callsign] K

N3JT DE [your callsign] WX RAIN TEMP 54
RIG RUNS [your power] W TO [your antenna]
AGE IS [your age]
HW? N3JT DE [your callsign] K

W1RM DE [your callsign] WX OC TEMP 70
RIG RUNS [your power] W TO [your antenna]
AGE IS [your age]
HW? W1RM DE [your callsign] K

ICR Single Character Practice:

Letters to Practice: Sessions 01 thru 10

Message Options: Letters. Practice single characters.

Session 13:

Copy Practice

[your callsign] DE K6RB TNX FER QSO ES HPE CU AGN 73 <SK>
[your callsign] DE K6RB
E E

[your callsign] DE N3JT NICE QSO TNX CUL 73 <SK>
[your callsign] DE N3JT GN

[your callsign] DE W1RM ENJOYED QSO <SK>
[your callsign] DE W1RM
E E

Sending practice

K6RB DE [your callsign] TU FER QSO CU AGN 73 <SK>
K6RB DE [your callsign]

N3JT DE [your callsign] CUL ES NICE QSO 73 <SK>
N3JT DE [your callsign]
E E

W1RM DE [your callsign] ENJOYED QSO ALSO 73 <SK>
W1RM DE [your callsign] CU
E E

ICR Single Character Practice:

Letters to Practice: Sessions 01 thru 10

Message Options: Letters. Practice single characters.

Session 14:

Before your online sessions, listen to HF radio on CW sub bands. Listen for slower stations calling CQ and copy their callsigns. Listen to slower stations in QSO and see if you can copy some of what they are saying. Practice sending your callsign, QTH and name, over and over again.

Session 15:

Before your online sessions, listen to HF radio on CW sub bands. Listen for slower stations calling CQ and copy their callsigns. Listen to slower stations in QSO and see if you can copy some of what they are saying. Practice listening to your callsign using many different methods.

Session 16:

A great time to practice callsigns, name, and location abbreviations is during K1USN’s Slow Speed Contest (SST) Friday afternoon and Sunday evenings. You can read all about the SST by going to K1USN Radio Club website. This is an easy contest where you can make that first “ON-AIR” contact. Your advisor can offer logging suggestions that assist during the SST event.

Appendix A: Some Common CW Abbreviations

ABOUT

AGE

AGN

ALINCO

ALL

AND

ANT

ARE

BEAM

BUT

BTU

CAN

CLEAR

CLOUDY

COLD

COLLINS

COOL

CPI

CPY

DIGITAL

DIPOLE

DONT

EFHW

ELECRAFT

FLEX

FOG

FOR

FROM

G5RV

HAD

HAIL

HAVE

HEATHKIT

HIS

HOT

HOUR

HW?

ICOM

INV

ITS

JT65

JUST

KENWOOD

KNEW

KNOW

LSB

MEAN

NAME

NOT

OCF

ONE

OTHER

OUT

PSE

PSK

PSK31

PWR

RAIN

REALLY

RIG

RICH

RST

SLEET

SLOPER

SNOW

SOME

SSB

SUNNY

SWR

TEMP

TENTEC

TEST

THAT

THE

THEM

THERE

THEY

THINK

TNX

USB

VERTICAL

WARM

WAS

WELL

WERE

WHAT

WHEN

WHERE

WINDOM

WINDY

WITH

YAESU

YEAH

YOU

YOUR

YRS

5NN

599

589

58N

579

57N

479

47N

359

35N

489

48N

559

55N

Appendix F: NATO International Phonetic Alphabet

Letter	Phonetic
A	Alpha
B	Bravo
C	Charlie
D	Delta
E	Echo
F	Foxtrot
G	Golf
H	Hotel
I	India
J	Juliet
K	Kilo
L	Lima
M	Mike
N	November
O	Oscar
P	Papa
Q	Quebec
R	Romeo
S	Sierra
T	Tango
U	Uniform
V	Victor
W	Whiskey
X	Xray
Y	Yankee
Z	Zulu

Appendix G: Morse Code Trainer (MCT) Features & Functions

The online MCT tool is very flexible with many settings and adjustments that you can make to change how the tool works. Experiment, you can always reload the setup files

MCT trainer is divided into several sections

Let’s briefly look at each section to see how they can be tailored to help you work through the “Practice Instructions and Homework Assignments Beginner CW” curriculum workbook. There is a help tab in the main banner that you can use to get a full definition of each feature. Your advisor can also help you with any questions you may have.

Personalization

You will need to enter this information when you get to session-11. You can enter it now or wait. It’s up to you. You can fill in this information at any time.

Practice Content

There are sixteen sessions in the Beginner CW curriculum workbook. The first 10 sessions are set up to teach you the alphabet, numbers, 4 punctuation marks, and 4 Morse code prosigns. Sessions 11 through 13 puts everything you learn into real QSO practice. Sessions 14 through 16 are set aside for advisors to help new CW operators get on the air.

In the Practice Content the Next and Previous buttons will step through the sessions. The session currently being played will be in the gray Sessions box.

Learning Morse code starts with learning the sounds of each character, number, punctuation, and prosign.

The list below represent the six practice message types presented in each section of the CW Beginner curriculum workbook. The term message[1] is used to describe the type of information to be played.

· Characters

· CW Abbreviations

· Callsigns

· Words

· Numbers

· Phrases

Message (Show/Hide):

The message box displays the characters, words, CW abbreviations, numbers, callsigns, or phrases i.e., messages that are being played.

This is where most of the settings that control speech, timing, repetition, and sound reside.

Detailed controls can be hidden once they are set to your liking. If in doubt about any function you can always use the Help| tab for more information.

History

As you go through the exercises the messages are displayed in the history box. You can turn off the History visibility so it will not interfere with the learning. You can even Download the history file if you wish. Clear history will clear the history box.

Settings

Here is where you can Upload, Download, or Reset the program functions and controls. There are some java script files that will be loaded to configure the MCT tool for either copying or sending practice.

Appendix H: Manual Settings for Copy Practice

Here are the default settings for copy practice in Morse Code Trainer. Nearly every section is adjustable meaning you can turn a feature on or off. You can even adjust the timing values as well. 1000 ms equals 1 second in time. The best way to hear the effects of a feature is to try it.

§ Practice Content: [ Copying ] button is highlighted.

§ Check any of the Message radio buttons. Default is Characters. Others are CW Abbreviations, Callsigns, Words, Numbers, Phrases.

§ Message (show/hide): Hide

§ Playback style: Custom

§ Character / Farnsworth are set to 25 / 6

§ Reset the Elapsed practice time by clicking on the reset button

§ Play options: Repeat on Random: off

· Repeat off the current message will play once.

· Repeat on will continuously play all messages sectioned.

· Repeat 1 will continuously play the current message.

§ 1: Show & Say Before: Flashcard off and Speech: on Flashcard Time: 0 ms.

§ 2: Morse Count set to 5 Extra Gap: 0 ms.

§ 3: Recognition Time is grayed out, Additions Recognition Time: 0 ms.

§ 4: Show & Say After: Flashcard off and Speech off Flashcard Time: 0 ms.

§ 5: Morse Repeat: off Extra Gap: 0 ms.

§ 6: Bell: on Bell Gap: 200 ms. (0.2 sec.)

A note about Extra Gap space: As you progress through the sessions if you want to shorten the gap time between messages here are some suggestions you can try. Reducing the gap time will force the program to play the messages quicker. Appendix A gives you a complete breakdown of the copying practice setup.

§ 2: Morse play…: Extra Gap of 250 - 500 - 750 - 1000 ms.

§ 3: Recognition – optional…: Recognition Time of 250 - 500 - 750 -1000 ms.

§ 5: Morse Repeat – option…: Extra Gap of 250 - 500 - 750 - 1000 ms.

Appendix I: Manual Settings for Sending Practice

Here are the default settings for sending practice in Morse Code Trainer. Nearly every section is adjustable meaning you can to a feature on or off. You can even adjust the timing values as well. 1000 ms Equals 1 second in time. The best way to hear the effects of a feature is to try it.

§ Practice Content: [ Sending ] button is highlighted.

§ Check any of the Message radio buttons. Default is Characters. Others are CW Abbreviations, Callsigns, Words, Numbers, Phrases.

§ Message: (show/hide): Hide

§ Playback style: Custom

§ Character / Farnsworth are set to 15 / 6

§ Reset the Elapsed practice time by clicking on the reset button

§ Play options: Repeat on Random: off

· Repeat off the current message will play once.

· Repeat on will continuously play all messages sectioned.

· Repeat 1 will continuously play the current message.

§ 1: Show & Say Before: Flashcard off and Speech: off Flashcard Time: 1000 ms. (1 sec.)

§ 2: Morse Count set to 5 Extra Gap: 3000 ms. (3 sec.)

§ 3: Recognition Time is grayed out, Additions Recognition Time: 3000 ms.

§ 4: Show & Say After: Flashcard off and Speech off Flashcard Time: 1000 ms. (1 sec.)

§ 5: Morse Repeat: off Extra Gap: 3000 ms. 3 sec.)

§ 6: Bell: on Bell Gap: 200 ms. (0.2 sec.)

A note about Extra Gap space: As you progress through the sessions some of the messages my take longer to key than the time initially allowed. If you find that you do not have sufficient time to key the message before the program starts playing again here are some extra gap adjustments you can make.

§ 2: Morse play…: Extra Gap of 5000 - 6000 ms. (5 - 6 sec.)

§ 3: Recognition – optional…: Recognition Time of 5000 - 6000 ms.

§ 5: Morse Repeat – option…: Extra Gap of 5000 - 6000 ms.

Appendix J: CW Daily Practice Log

Class:

Student Name:

DATE	TIME	SESSION	TIME SPENT	NOTES

Appendix K: Farnsworth Timing

Traditionally, reducing the speed of Morse code has been done by making everything take longer, i.e. both the sounds and the silent periods between them.

Using Farnsworth timing, characters are sent at a high rate of speed, while extra spacing is inserted between characters and words to slow the transmission down. The advantage of this is that you get used to recognizing characters at a higher speed, and thus it will be easier to increase the word speed later on.

The ARRL uses a Farnsworth setting of 18 WPM (90 CPM) timing for its daily Morse code transmission announcements.

Farnsworth timing was invented by Donald R. Farnsworth (W6TTB) in the late 1950s.

Document Revision History and Copyright Notice

This document is the sole property of Rob Brownstein K6RB, Ken Rainey, AC5EZ and the CW Operators club. It may be downloaded and printed for use by CW Academy students. It may not be reproduced on paper and/or any digital format for any other purpose without the express written consent of Rob Brownstein K6RB or Ken Rainey and the CW Operators club.

Revision History:

Date Revision Author Description

2016 2.0.0 Rob Brownstein, K6RB Original Document

2019 2.1.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Change course name from Level 1 to

Beginner.

2020 – Apr 2.2.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Change Session 7 Sending Segments to

Copying Segments.

2020 – Sep 2.3.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Added Zoom .

2022 – Jul 3.0.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Added 6 WPM speed suggestion for class

completion, daily practice time and

WPM to 25.

2023 – Feb 3.1.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Moved ‘Z’ to section 10 from 9.

2023 – Apr 3.2.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Changed ‘sk’ to <SK>; removed ‘-’ from

sections 11 thru 13.

2023 – Jul 4.0.0 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Creation of version 4.0 CW Academy

Beginner CW Course.

“Practice-Instruction-sand-Homework-

Assignments-Beginner-CW“ Initial

document release.

2023 – Jul 4.1.0 Bob Carter, WR7Q Minor corrections.

2023– Aug 4.2.0 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Minor format corrections.

2023– Sep 4.2.1 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Replaced “RIG” with “STN” in advanced

section of sessions 3,4,5,6.

Session07 changed characters learned

from 24 to 29.

2023Sep 4.2.2 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Session04 changed 1 to L.

copy phrases changed BOB to TOD.

Sending Phrases changed BOB to TOD.

MCT script updated to reflect changes.

Added Release note to page one.

2023Sep 4.2.3 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Session06 replaced LOG with DWN,

UP with MY, YOUR with YRS.

Sending Phrases: Removed “?” to match

copy phrases. Replaced “HW CPY” with

“UR NAME?”.

Session07 removed B4 from abbreviations.

2023Oct 4.2.4 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Added CPY to Appendix A .

Added CPI and CPY to Appendix D.

Added Numbers copy segment in

Session02.

2023Nov 4.2.5 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Added the comma “,” to session06.

Moved the letter “Q” from session10 to

Session07.

Added prosign <AR> to session08

2023Dec 4.2.7 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ 1. Replaced the word “segment(s)” with

the work “practice”.

2. Removed CW Abbreviations from all

Additional Practice sections

3. Added Characters to sending practice,

section in all sessions.

4. Changed Sending Drill font to Courier.

5. Removed Additional practice and made it

Daily Sending Drill.

6. Replaced Morse Code Trainer data with new

Images and data.

7. Miscellaneous formatting updates.

2023Dec 4.2.7.1 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ 1.Fixed typo in “Preparing for Copy practice” section

Repeat on Changed “t” to “text”.

Changed color of Q from red to black.

2. Fixed typo on page 6.

3. Added “.” to new characters this session.

2024Jan 4.2.7.2 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Updated the default settings in Appendix H & I to

Match the MCT online training tool.

2024Jan 4.2.7.3 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Session06: changed NANE to NAME, MY to MI.

Updated QRL definition in Appendix C.

Removed OC from session04.

Removed OT from session02.

Removed OC, OT, OM from Appendix B.

2024Mar 4.2.8 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Removed <BK> as a prosign.

2024Mar 4.2.8.1 Ken Rainey, AC5EZ Added <BK> back into syllabus with a note in

Session10 explaining usage of BK and <BK>.

2024Jul 4.3 Gary Johnson, NA6O Reformatted for blind accessibility. Added student log and intro section for blind students.

2024Sep 4.4 Bob Carter, WR7Q Updated the Canadian Provinces.

2024Sep 4.5 Bob Carter, WR7Q Corrected the Canadian Provinces.

2024Oct 4.6 Bob Carter, WR7Q Added Q codes a

[1] The term message is used collectively in both this document and the MCT online trainer to refer to Characters, Words, CW Abbreviations, Numbers, Callsigns, and Phrases.[1]

QRA	What is the name of your station?
QRG	What's my exact frequency
QRH	Does my frequency vary?
QRI	How is my tone? (1 – 9)
QRK	What is my signal intelligibility? (1 – 5)
QRL	Is the frequency in use?
QRM	Man made interference
QRN	Natural interference
QRO	Shall I increase transmit power?
QRP	Shall I decrease transmit power?
QRQ	Shall I send faster?
QRS	Shall I send slower?
QRT	I’m closing my station down
QRV	Are you ready?
QRX	When will you call again?
QRZ	Who is calling me?
QSA	What is my signal strength? (1 – 9)
QSB	Are my signals fading?
QSD	Is my keying defective?
QSK	Can you work breakin?
QSL QSO QSY	Acknowledge receipt Communicate with Shall I change frequency?
QTH	What is your location?
QTR	What is your time?

AL	Alabama
AK	Alaska
AZ	Arizona
AR	Arkansas
CA	California
CO	Colorado
CT	Connecticut
DE	Delaware
DC	District of Columbia
FL	Florida
GA	Georgia
HI	Hawaii
ID	Idaho
IL	Illinois
IN	Indiana
IA	Iowa
KS	Kansas
KY	Kentucky
LA	Louisiana
ME	Maine
MD	Maryland
MA	Massachusetts
MI	Michigan
MN	Minnesota
MS	Mississippi
MO	Missouri
MT	Montana
NE	Nebraska
NV	Nevada
NH	New Hampshire
NJ	New Jersey
NM	New Mexico
NY	New York
NC	North Carolina
ND	North Dakota
OH	Ohio
OK	Oklahoma
OR	Oregon
PA	Pennsylvania
RI	Rhode Island
SC	South Carolina
SD	South Dakota
TN	Tennessee
TX	Texas
UT	Utah
VT	Vermont
VA	Virginia
WA	Washington
WV	West Virginia
WI	Wisconsin
WY	Wyoming
GU	Guam
PR	Puerto Rico
VI	(US) Virgin Islands

AB	Alberta
BC	British Columbia
MB	Manitoba
NB	New Brunswick
NL	Newfoundland and Labrador
NT	Northwest Territories

NS	Nove Scotia
NU	Nunavut
ON	Ontario
PE	Prince Edward Island
QC	Quebec
SK	Saskatchewan
YT	Yukon